Psychological effects of learner-autonomy-oriented motor skill learning using ICT teaching materials: Perceived physical competence in junior high school apparatus gymnastics classes

Abstract

The GIGA School concept aims to realize Proactive, Interactive, and Deep Learning by combining conventional education with ICT. However, in physical education, the effective use of ICT remains challenging because many teachers report difficulties and insufficient training in ICT utilization. Consequently, concrete approaches for improving lessons through ICT often depend on individual teachers’ competencies and experiences. To address this issue, we developed ICT learning materials that emphasize learner individuality and autonomy, allowing each learner to practice and acquire skills of their choice at their own pace. These materials incorporate two learning methods, the kinesthetic experiential method and the model mastery method, as studied by Matsuura et al. (2018). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gymnastics classes using these ICT learning materials on junior high school students’ enjoyment of learning and intrinsic motivation. The ICT materials were implemented during the skill acquisition phase of mat exercise lessons. Before and after classes, students completed self-evaluations of flow, intrinsic motivation, confidence in mat exercises, and perceived progress. In addition, perceived physical competence was assessed before the classes. The results showed significant increases in intrinsic motivation, enjoyment of mat exercise activities, sense of control over the technique, confidence in mat exercises, and self-evaluated progress after the classes compared with before the classes. The findings also suggest that classes using these ICT learning materials were more enjoyable and encouraged more proactive engagement in gymnastics activities than previous classes. Overall, ICT learning materials that emphasize learner individuality and autonomy can effectively support skill acquisition in junior high school apparatus gymnastics classes while enhancing enjoyment and intrinsic motivation. Such materials may provide a practical approach for promoting individualized learning in physical education classes.