Gender-specific approaches to volleyball complexes: a comparative analysis

Abstract

This study aimed to examine gender-based differences in the frequency and success ratio of complexes and scoring actions in high-level volleyball. A total of N=15.602 complexes (K0-K5) were analyzed from top-tier international competitions (M= 8.702 and F= 6.901) across 4.464 rallies (M=2.615 and F=1.849). A rigorous data collection protocol was implemented to ensure intra- and inter-observer reliability. To explore gender differences in complex frequency, scoring efficiency, and the impact of complex success ratios on set outcomes, statistical analyses were performed including chi-square tests with Bonferroni corrections, effect size estimations, standardized residual analysis, and discriminant analysis. The results revealed significant gender based differences in the frequency of specific complexes. Male teams exhibited a higher frequency of K0 and K1 sequences, reflecting shorter rallies and reliance on serve errors and powerful attacks. In contrast, female teams demonstrated higher frequency for K3 and K5 win complexes, indicative of a strategy focused on sustained rallies and capitalizing on scoring opportunities. The analysis of success ratios reveals that male teams have higher success ratios compared to women in the K0, K1 and K3 sequences. Analysis of success ratios per set shows significant differences between winning and losing teams, especially in K1, K2, and K3 for both genders. Additionally, female teams differ in K0, while male teams differ in K4. These results suggest that genderspecific strategies and training approaches may be necessary to optimize performance. Coaches and players can develop targeted training programs to enhance skill development and tactical awareness, ultimately leading to improved performance and success in high-level volleyball.